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Recent Synojus articles published in English.

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EnglishEU Law / Infringement Proceedings

October 18, 2026 · 7 min read

Infringement proceedings against Denmark for failure to transpose EU inland navigation directives

An overview of Case C-879/24, in which the European Commission brought infringement proceedings before the Court of Justice of the European Union against the Kingdom of Denmark for failing to transpose Directive (EU) 2017/2397 and Directive (EU) 2021/1233 within the prescribed deadline, and sought the imposition of a lump sum and a daily penalty payment under Article 260(3) TFEU.

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EnglishEnergy law / EU internal market

October 16, 2026 · 7 min read

EU electricity market regulation: network tariffs, public service obligations, and regulatory independence in Case C-199/25

An overview of the Court of Justice of the European Union's preliminary ruling in Case C-199/25 (Fluvius Halle-Vilvoorde and Others v Vlaamse Nutsregulator), delivered on 15 October 2026, examining the compatibility of Belgian regional tariff methodology with EU electricity market rules under Regulation (EU) 2019/943 and Directive (EU) 2019/944.

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EnglishEU Law / Institutional Law

October 14, 2026 · 5 min read

EU Court of Justice rules on La Maison de l'Union syndicale v Council: case C-224/25 P

An analysis of the Court of Justice of the European Union's judgment of 8 October 2026 in Case C-224/25 P, in which the Sixth Chamber examined the appeal brought by La Maison de l'Union syndicale against the Council of the European Union.

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EnglishEU Competition & Institutional Law

October 14, 2026 · 4 min read

EU Court of Justice rules on appeal in Brasserie Nationale and Munhowen v European Commission (Case C-572/25 P)

An educational overview of the Court of Justice of the European Union's judgment of 8 October 2026 in Case C-572/25 P, examining the appeal brought by Brasserie Nationale and Munhowen SA against the European Commission.

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EnglishHuman Rights Law

October 13, 2026 · 8 min read

Duff and BBC Scotland v. the United Kingdom: press access to court proceedings and Article 10 of the Convention

An educational overview of the European Court of Human Rights judgment in Duff and BBC Scotland v. the United Kingdom (Application no. 8562/19), examining the exclusion of a journalist from a closed court hearing in Scotland and the Convention issues raised under Articles 10 and 13.

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EnglishHuman Rights Law

October 13, 2026 · 9 min read

Devekom DOO Niš v. Serbia: customs duty refunds and the right to peaceful enjoyment of possessions

An analysis of the European Court of Human Rights judgment in Devekom DOO Niš v. Serbia (Application no. 16947/22), in which the Court found that Serbia's refusal to award interest on wrongly levied customs duties, reimbursed almost ten years later, violated Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention.

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EnglishEU law / Common foreign and security policy / Restrictive measures

October 11, 2026 · 7 min read

EU flight ban on Russian-controlled aircraft: the Court of Justice rules on admissibility in Global 8 Airlines v European Commission

An analysis of the Court of Justice of the European Union's judgment of 8 October 2026 in Case C-482/24 P, examining the appeal concerning the EU prohibition on non-Russian-registered aircraft owned, chartered, or controlled by Russian persons from operating in EU airspace, and the admissibility of an action for annulment against the rejection of a flight plan under Regulation (EU) 2022/334.

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EnglishEmployment & Labour Law

October 11, 2026 · 7 min read

Working time, on-call duty, and state liability: the Court of Justice rules in case C-808/24

An analysis of the Court of Justice of the European Union's judgment of 8 October 2026 in case C-808/24, concerning the classification of firefighters' on-call time at the workplace as working time under Directive 2003/88/EC, the maximum weekly working time limit, and the conditions and methods for calculating compensation for non-material damage arising from a Member State's infringement of EU law.

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EnglishEU Employment Law

October 11, 2026 · 13 min read

EU Court of Justice ruling on paid annual leave and non-discrimination for teachers holding dual employment contracts (Case C-706/23)

An analysis of the Court of Justice of the European Union judgment of 8 October 2026 in Case C-706/23, examining how EU social policy rules on paid annual leave, part-time work, and fixed-term work apply to teaching staff who simultaneously hold a full-time contract of indefinite duration and a part-time fixed-term contract with the same employer.

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EnglishEU Aviation Law

October 10, 2026 · 9 min read

Extraordinary circumstances and air traffic management decisions under Regulation (EC) No 261/2004: the Court of Justice ruling in Case C-108/26 RX

An analysis of the Court of Justice of the European Union's October 2026 judgment reviewing whether an air traffic management decision allocating delayed departure slots due to adverse weather conditions constitutes an 'extraordinary circumstance' exempting air carriers from passenger compensation obligations under Regulation (EC) No 261/2004.

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EnglishHuman Rights Law

October 10, 2026 · 8 min read

Atresmedia v. Spain: the European Court of Human Rights on electoral debate regulation and freedom of expression

An analysis of the European Court of Human Rights judgment in Atresmedia Corporación de Medios de Comunicación S.A. v. Spain (Application no. 29807/23), examining the Court's findings on Article 10 of the Convention in the context of a national electoral commission's refusal to accept a privately organised political debate format during the 2019 Spanish parliamentary elections.

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EnglishHuman Rights Law

October 10, 2026 · 9 min read

Cherkasov and Kuzin v. Ukraine: pension suspensions for internally displaced persons and the European Court of Human Rights

An analysis of the European Court of Human Rights judgment in Cherkasov and Kuzin v. Ukraine (Applications nos. 72982/17 and 74407/17), examining the suspension of pension payments to internally displaced persons in Ukraine and the Court's findings under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 and Article 14 of the Convention.

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EnglishEU immigration and asylum law

October 9, 2026 · 11 min read

Family reunification rights for parents of refugee minors who reach majority during asylum proceedings: Case C-571/24

An analysis of the Court of Justice of the European Union's judgment of 8 October 2026 in Case C-571/24 (YO and CT v Bundesrepublik Deutschland), examining the interpretation of Article 10(3)(a) of Directive 2003/86/EC on the right to family reunification, the concept of 'unaccompanied minor', and the applicable time limits for lodging family reunification applications where a refugee reaches the age of majority during asylum proceedings.

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EnglishHuman Rights Law

October 7, 2026 · 10 min read

Fair trial rights in minor-offence proceedings: Makovac and Latin v. Slovenia

An analysis of the European Court of Human Rights judgment of 6 October 2026 in Makovac and Latin v. Slovenia (Applications nos. 15525/23 and 15532/23), examining the Court's findings on the right to an oral hearing, the right to be informed of evidence, and the right to examine witnesses under Article 6 §§ 1 and 3 of the Convention in the context of minor-offence proceedings related to fishing activities in the Bay of Piran.

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EnglishHuman Rights Law

October 6, 2026 · 8 min read

Pre-trial detention of a journalist and freedom of expression: Müyesser Uğur v. Türkiye

An analysis of the European Court of Human Rights judgment in Müyesser Uğur v. Türkiye (Application no. 45738/22), examining the Court's findings on pre-trial detention, journalistic freedom of expression, and the balance between national security interests and rights protected under Articles 5 and 10 of the Convention.

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EnglishHuman Rights Law

October 6, 2026 · 10 min read

Anar Mammadov v. Azerbaijan: freedom of expression, privacy, and property rights under the European Convention

An analysis of the European Court of Human Rights judgment of 6 October 2026 in Anar Mammadov v. Azerbaijan (Applications nos. 12043/19 and 50484/20), examining findings on freedom of expression, unlawful seizures, and the limits of permissible interference with Convention rights.

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EnglishEU Law / Institutional Litigation

October 2, 2026 · 4 min read

Court of Justice rules on Krone Commercial Vehicle SE and others v European Parliament and Council: case C-522/25 P

An educational overview of the Court of Justice of the European Union's judgment of 1 October 2026 in Case C-522/25 P, examining the proceedings brought by Krone Commercial Vehicle SE and others against the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union.

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EnglishEuropean Union asylum and immigration law

October 2, 2026 · 7 min read

Temporary protection and asylum procedures: the Court of Justice rules on suspended time limits in Case C-249/25

An analysis of the Court of Justice of the European Union's judgment of 1 October 2026 in Case C-249/25, Minister van Asiel en Migratie v UB, examining whether national administrative practice may lawfully suspend the procedural time limit for deciding on an international protection application during a period of temporary protection under Directive 2001/55/EC.

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EnglishEuropean Union law – Citizenship and free movement – Access to education

October 1, 2026 · 8 min read

EU citizenship, non-discrimination and access to medical studies: the Court of Justice rules in Axel Dris v Gouvernement de la Communauté française (C-131/25)

An analysis of the Court of Justice of the European Union's judgment of 1 October 2026 in Case C-131/25, examining how Articles 18 and 21 TFEU apply to national quotas that cap non-resident students seeking enrolment in first-year medical programmes, with particular attention to candidates who completed their secondary education in the Member State concerned while residing in another Member State.

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EnglishCompetition Law

October 1, 2026 · 7 min read

EU competition law and the network of competition authorities: the Court of Justice rules on Commission discretion and procedural obligations in Case C-855/24 P

An analysis of the Court of Justice of the European Union's judgment of 1 October 2026 in Case C-855/24 P, examining the rules governing the European Commission's power to initiate proceedings in cases already handled by a national competition authority, the principle of subsidiarity, the right to good administration, and the obligation to state reasons.

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EnglishEmployment Law / EU Social Policy

September 30, 2026 · 7 min read

Employer obligations to inform employees under Directive 91/533/EEC: the Court of Justice ruling in LW v Trenitalia SpA and INPS

An analysis of the Court of Justice of the European Union's preliminary ruling of 24 September 2026 in Case C-369/25, examining the scope of an employer's obligation to provide employees with written information on the essential elements of their contract or employment relationship under Directive 91/533/EEC, and the mechanisms available to employees to defend the rights conferred by that directive.

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EnglishConsumer Law

September 26, 2026 · 11 min read

Off-premises contracts and the right of withdrawal under EU consumer law: the Court's ruling in case C-381/25

An analysis of the Court of Justice of the European Union's judgment of 24 September 2026 in PL and GQ v Gexx aeroSol GmbH (Case C-381/25), examining the interpretation of Article 2(8) of Directive 2011/83/EU and the definition of an off-premises contract where a consumer accepts a trader's written offer away from the trader's business premises.

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EnglishEuropean Union Family Law

September 26, 2026 · 9 min read

Canon law nullity decisions and EU jurisdiction rules: understanding Case C-190/25

An educational analysis of the Court of Justice of the European Union's judgment in Case C-190/25 (LS v GT), examining how Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003 applies when a civil divorce proceeding in one Member State runs alongside a recognition application for an ecclesiastical nullity decision in another Member State.

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EnglishElection Law / Redistricting

September 26, 2026 · 6 min read

Supreme Court stays federal court orders requiring Missouri to use 2025 congressional map

A per curiam opinion from the Supreme Court of the United States, issued September 25, 2026, stays federal district court and Eighth Circuit orders that would have required Missouri to use its 2025 congressional redistricting map in the 2026 general election, finding that the 2022 map must remain in effect under both the Court's prior orders and traditional stay principles.

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EnglishImmigration & Administrative Law

September 25, 2026 · 7 min read

Supreme Court grants stay in Department of Homeland Security v. League of Women Voters: what the opinion says

An educational overview of the Supreme Court's per curiam stay opinion in Department of Homeland Security v. League of Women Voters (No. 26A308, September 25, 2026), examining the modified SAVE program, the legal claims raised, and the Court's reasoning for granting the stay.

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EnglishConsumer Protection Law

September 25, 2026 · 9 min read

Unfair price adjustment clauses in long-term energy supply contracts: the Court of Justice rules in SVB v Glarner Straße 5 GbR (C-900/24)

An analysis of the Court of Justice of the European Union's judgment of 24 September 2026 in Case C-900/24, examining the treatment of unfair price adjustment clauses in long-term energy supply contracts under Directive 93/13/EEC, the scope of mandatory statutory or regulatory provisions, and the limits of a seller or supplier's power to replace unfair terms unilaterally.

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EnglishEuropean Union Law / Private International Law

September 25, 2026 · 7 min read

Rome I and Rome II in copyright assignment disputes: the Court of Justice clarifies the boundary between contractual and non-contractual matters

An analysis of the Court of Justice of the European Union's judgment of 24 September 2026 in Case C-176/25 (IU v BT), examining how the Rome I and Rome II regulations interact when a defendant in a copyright infringement action challenges the formal validity of the underlying assignment contract.

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EnglishEnvironmental Law

September 24, 2026 · 7 min read

Public participation and wind farm permit extensions under the Aarhus Convention: Case C-151/25

An analysis of the Court of Justice of the European Union's judgment of 24 September 2026 in Case C-151/25 (F.B. v Région wallonne), examining whether Article 6 of the Aarhus Convention requires a public participation phase before extending the duration of a permit to operate a wind farm.

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EnglishHuman Rights Law

September 24, 2026 · 9 min read

Expropriation compensation and the adequacy of awards under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1: Immobiliare Bergamella Seconda di Carlo Mariani & C. S.A.S. and Others v. Italy

An educational overview of the European Court of Human Rights judgment of 24 September 2026 in the case of Immobiliare Bergamella Seconda di Carlo Mariani & C. S.A.S. and Others v. Italy (Application no. 39536/15), examining the adequacy of expropriation compensation and the application of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention.

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EnglishHuman Rights Law

September 23, 2026 · 8 min read

Kuijt v. the Netherlands: Grand Chamber decision on tribunal composition and Article 6 of the Convention

An overview of the European Court of Human Rights Grand Chamber decision in Kuijt v. the Netherlands (Application no. 19365/19, 23 September 2026), examining the complaint that the participation of reserve judges in Supreme Court deliberations violated the right to a tribunal established by law under Article 6 § 1 of the Convention.

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